{"id":2423,"date":"2009-03-09T15:14:02","date_gmt":"2009-03-09T13:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/?page_id=2423"},"modified":"2009-03-09T15:14:02","modified_gmt":"2009-03-09T13:14:02","slug":"multeci-hukuku-nun-tarihsel-gelisimi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/multeci-hukuku-nun-tarihsel-gelisimi\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fclteci Hukuku’ nun Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci Hukuku<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya tarihinde m\u00fclteci ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 sorunu \u00e7ok eski tarihlere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgesel ve uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalarla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclteci hukukunun kayna\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 neticesinde ma\u011fdur olan milyonlarca ki\u015finin ma\u011fduriyetlerinin giderilmesi ve bu ki\u015filere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nabilecekleri bir \u00fclke bulma \u00e7abalar\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. M\u00fclteci hukukunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda temel etken olarak I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Avrupa kaynakl\u0131 hareketler g\u00f6sterilebilir, ancak m\u00fclteci hukukunun geli\u015fiminde yak\u0131n tarihlerdeki Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kitlesel olaylar\u0131nda etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ruanda ve Tanzanya\u00b4daki Mozambikli m\u00fclteciler, Hindistan\u2019 daki Bengalli m\u00fclteciler, Vietnam ve Kambo\u00e7yal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler, \u0130ran devrimi sonras\u0131 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7an rejim muhalifi m\u00fclteciler, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan i\u015fgal giri\u015fiminden sonra Afganistan\u2019 dan ka\u00e7an m\u00fclteciler, K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 ndan sonra Irak\u2019 tan ka\u00e7arak \u0130ran\u2019 a ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan K\u00fcrt m\u00fclteciler, S\u0131rp i\u015fgali ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle Bosna-Hersek ve Kosova\u2019 dan ka\u00e7an m\u00fclteciler, Sudan\u2019 \u0131n Darfur b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fanan kriz nedeniyle \u00fclkesini terk etmek zorunda kalan m\u00fclteciler, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda bulunan ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00fclkelerini terk eden \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Ortado\u011fu\u2019 da \u0130srail\u2019 in politikalar\u0131 nedeniyle m\u00fclteci konumuna d\u00fc\u015fen Araplar ve son olarak Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019 nin Irak\u2019 \u0131 i\u015fgali ile bu b\u00f6lgeden kaynaklanan m\u00fclteciler.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca de\u011finildi\u011fi \u00fczere, m\u00fclteci hukukunun kayna\u011f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde Avrupa kaynakl\u0131 ve Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kitlesel hareketleri g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bu nedenle de uluslararas\u0131 arenada m\u00fclteci sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kabaca iki d\u00f6nemde de\u011ferlendirebiliriz: Birinci d\u00f6nemi, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flay\u0131p II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak ifade edebiliriz. \u0130kinci d\u00f6nem olarak ise, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan m\u00fclteci sorunu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, devletlerin bu soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulma \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar halen devam eden s\u00fcreci niteleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

I.1. I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda M\u00fclteciler Konusunda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar <\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra m\u00fcltecilere yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nem arz eden ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Uluslararas\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019 n\u00fcn 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus m\u00fcltecilere yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019 ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fvuru \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019 n\u00fcn ba\u015fvurusunun ard\u0131ndan Milletler Cemiyeti \u00fclkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve k\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7erisinde bulunan 1 milyon kadar Rus m\u00fclteciye yard\u0131m edilmesine karar vermi\u015f ve bu konuda da Fridjof Nansen isimli bir Norve\u00e7liyi Y\u00fcksek Komiser olarak atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nansen, 1921 ve 1930 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu m\u00fcltecilerin hukuksal stat\u00fcleri, istihdam edilmeleri ve \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6nmeleri konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Milletler Cemiyeti, 1931-1935 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya\u2019 y\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalan Yahudi ve di\u011fer m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in ise Amerikal\u0131 James McDonald isimli bir Y\u00fcksek Komiser atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya\u2019 da Nuremberg Yasas\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n kabul edilmesi ile Yahudilere yap\u0131lan zulm\u00fcn artmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda etkin bir rol oynamayan Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019 ni protesto eden McDonald g\u00f6revinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131ysa da m\u00fclteci hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir noktaya de\u011finmi\u015ftir. McDonald, m\u00fclteci hareketlerinin temelindeki nedenler ile ilgilenilmesi gerekti\u011fini ve bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in de siyasal giri\u015fimlerde bulunulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya atan ilk ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Yine 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk-Yunan Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda m\u00fclteci konumuna d\u00fc\u015fen milyonlara, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus ve Ermeni m\u00fclteciler ile 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman m\u00fcltecilere uluslararas\u0131 koruma sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019 nin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Hatta, Almanya\u2019 dan gelen m\u00fcltecilerle ilgili olarak 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019 dan Gelen M\u00fcltecilerin Durumlar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u0131llarda Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019 nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ki\u015filerin m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in iki ko\u015ful gerekiyordu. Bunlardan birisi, asli \u00fclkesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmak, di\u011feri ise, herhangi bir \u00fclkenin ya da h\u00fck\u00fcmetin korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunmamakt\u0131. M\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fc almak isteyenlerin bu iki ko\u015fula sahip olmas\u0131 gerekli ve yeterliydi.<\/p>\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, Almanlar\u0131n sald\u0131rgan tutumlar\u0131 nedeniyle, Avrupa\u2019 da milyonlarca insan ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkeleri terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Bu m\u00fcltecilere yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla sava\u015f devam ederken 1943 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Yard\u0131m ve Rehabilitasyon \u0130daresi (UNRRA) kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu kurulu\u015fu finanse eden Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerinin mali yard\u0131m\u0131 kesmesi nedeniyle, 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda UNRRA ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

I.2. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131 M\u00fclteciler Konusunda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 nda ya\u015fanan ac\u0131 tecr\u00fcbeler, sava\u015f sona ermi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen m\u00fclteci sorunun devam ediyor olmas\u0131 devletleri bu konuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya zorlad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kitlesel n\u00fcfus hareketleri sebebiyle, b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uluslararas\u0131 toplumda m\u00fclteciler konusunda sonu\u00e7 do\u011furacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde dikkati \u00e7eken nokta, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin, \u201cm\u00fclteci\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi \u00fczerinde durmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kavram\u0131n geni\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131 halinde m\u00fcltecilere yard\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndan kalkmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen devletler yasal metinlere s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum yasal metinlerin her \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f ve uygulamada \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye farkl\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

I.2.1. Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler konusunda g\u00f6rev yapmak \u00fczere 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in kurulan uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fctt\u00fcr. Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, m\u00fclteci sorununun her safhas\u0131nda sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l olarak takdir edilen \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc ise resmi olarak 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlayarak yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u0131l g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019 n\u00fcn kurucu yasas\u0131nda temel amac\u0131n\u0131 \u201cm\u00fcltecilerin kendi \u00fclkelerine ya da daha \u00f6nce ikamet ettikleri \u00fclkelere muhtemel geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerini her a\u00e7\u0131dan te\u015fvik ve yard\u0131m etmek\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, genel kurulda al\u0131nan karar bir karar ile \u201cge\u00e7erli bir nedeni olan hi\u00e7bir m\u00fcltecinin ya da yerinden edilmi\u015f ki\u015finin men\u015fei \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nmeye zorlanamayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d \u015feklindeki ifade ile m\u00fcltecilerin zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rme riski olan men\u015fe \u00fclkelere g\u00f6nderilmemesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu karar do\u011frultusunda da genel olarak men\u015fe \u00fclkeye g\u00f6ndermek yerine \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yerle\u015ftirme usul\u00fc benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019 n\u00fcn kurucu yasas\u0131 \u201cm\u00fclteci\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa kodifiye eden uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini b\u00fcnyesinde ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmede, m\u00fclteci tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fcltecilere sa\u011flanacak korumada yer almaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan tan\u0131ma g\u00f6re m\u00fclteci, \u201cTemelde \u0131rk, tabiiyet, politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren ya da tabiiyetinde bulundu\u011fu devlet taraf\u0131ndan koruma imkan\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015filer\u201d olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

I.2.2. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fcltecilik Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi\u2019 nin Kurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcreli ve g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak kurulan Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fclteci \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc her ne kadar Avrupa\u2019 daki m\u00fclteci sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019 de Mao Zedong\u2019 un zaferi, Kore Sava\u015f\u0131, 1947\u2019 de Hindistan\u2019 \u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde m\u00fclteci sorunu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam etmekteydi. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesel olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kan ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde ba\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli m\u00fclteci sorununa, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kurmak gerekti\u011fi fikri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmaktayd\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnist rejimlerin b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019 nin s\u00fcrekli de\u011fil ge\u00e7ici bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulmas\u0131 fikrini savunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, m\u00fclteci sorununun as\u0131l y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7eken Avrupa devletlerinin, Pakistan ve Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerin \u0131srarl\u0131 \u00e7abalar\u0131 neticesinde, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu, 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1 Ocak 1951 tarihinden itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle \u201cBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fcltecilik Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi\u201d nin kurulmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. \u0130lk komiser olarak ta Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart atand\u0131. 1950\u2019 de kab\u00fcl edilen BMMYK T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile, Y\u00fcksek Komiser\u2019 in g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluklar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Komiserli\u011fin ge\u00e7ici niteli\u011fi halen devam etmekte olup, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00f6rev uzatmalar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

BMMYK \u00fcstlendi\u011fi temel g\u00f6revleri yerine getirirken iki a\u015famal\u0131 bir yol izlemektedir. Birinci a\u015famada, m\u00fcltecilere uluslararas\u0131 koruma sa\u011flamay\u0131 \u00e7abalamakta; ikinci a\u015famada ise, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere sa\u011flanacak yard\u0131mlar yoluyla m\u00fcltecilerin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerini ya da yeni topluluklarla entegrasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

BMMYK ilk g\u00fcnlerinde ABD\u2019 nin kaynak sa\u011flamakta isteksiz davranmas\u0131 sebebiyle s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6nemler ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Ancak, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Kongresi\u2019 nde ulusal fonlar\u0131n demir perde \u00fclkelerinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n veto edilmesi ile ABD, BMMYK\u2019 ya yard\u0131m etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. BMMYK sahip oldu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7e ile m\u00fclteci sorununun mali y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131ndan kalkmas\u0131 imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 giderebilmek i\u00e7in de uluslararas\u0131 yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan ciddi miktarlarda yard\u0131mlar temin edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, devletlerde zamanla BMMYK\u2019 ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mlar\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada m\u00fclteci sorunu her ge\u00e7en b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi BMMYK\u2019 da b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ciddi mali problemleri olan kurulu\u015f bug\u00fcn 1 milyar $ l\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7esi ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde m\u00fclteci sorununa kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmektedir. BMMYK m\u00fcltecilere, ko\u015fullar\u0131n uygun olmas\u0131 halinde kendi \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6nmeleri konusunda, ko\u015fullar uygun de\u011fil ise, bu ki\u015filerin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma \u00fclkesinde entegrasyonlar\u0131 ya da ikinci bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma \u00fclkesine yerle\u015ftirilmeleri konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

BMMYK\u2019 n\u0131n ilgi alan\u0131na (himaye kapsam\u0131na) giren ki\u015filer \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n