\u00c7e\u00e7enler ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ancak, \u00c7e\u00e7en m\u00fcltecileri konu edindi\u011fimiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve \u00c7e\u00e7en tarihi hakk\u0131nda bir bilgiye sahip olmadan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00fcreci ve ya\u015fan\u0131lanlar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle \u00c7e\u00e7en m\u00fclteciler konusuna giri\u015f yapmadan \u00f6nce \u00c7e\u00e7enler, \u00c7e\u00e7enya ve \u00c7e\u00e7en tarihi hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bilgilendirici bilgilere yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7e\u00e7enler Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli (otokhton) halklar\u0131ndan olup Kuzey-Do\u011fu Kafkasya\u2019 da bulunan \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019da ya\u015farlar. M.\u00d6. 3000li y\u0131llara ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgenin otokhton halk\u0131 oldu\u011funu destekler niteliktedir. Kendilerini Noh\u00e7i olarak adland\u0131ran \u00c7e\u00e7enler, <\/span>\u0130ngu\u015f ve Tu\u015flarla birlikte Waynakh halk\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7enya, kuzeyinde ve do\u011fusunda Da\u011f\u0131stan, bat\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ngu\u015f Cumhuriyeti ve Kuzey Osetya, g\u00fcneyinde ise G\u00fcrcistan ile \u00e7evrili olan, Hazar Denizi ile Karadeniz aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck bir \u00fclkedir, Asya ile Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f yolu \u00fczerinde yer alan. B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n kuzey kanad\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a da\u011fl\u0131k ama alabildi\u011fine ye\u015fil bir \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7enya co\u011frafi konumu sebebiyle tarih boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli devletlerce i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f, bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkenin gururlu insanlar\u0131 hep sava\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 8.yy\u2019 da Arap-Hazar sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Emevi ordular\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 ya sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u00c7e\u00e7enler 10.-12.yy\u2019 larda G\u00fcrc\u00fc Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na maruz <\/span>kalm\u0131\u015f, 13.-14. yy\u2019 larda ise Mo\u011follar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1556 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019 n\u0131n Astrahan\u2019 \u0131 i\u015fgal etmesiyle birlikte Rus-\u00c7e\u00e7en sava\u015flar\u0131 da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uzun y\u0131llar \u015eeyh Mansur, \u0130mam Hadis, Taymin Biybolat, \u0130mam Gazi Muhammed, \u0130mam Hamzat, \u0130mam \u015eamil gibi liderlerle \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n kolonizasyon \u00e7abalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131nda m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ma\u011flup olan Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Yurtlar\u0131nda kalanlara kar\u015f\u0131 da tam bir kolonizasyon politikas\u0131 izlenmi\u015f halk\u0131n ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimi engellenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131, Monar\u015fizm ve Bol\u015fevizm iktidarlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zerk devletlerle Rus y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7erisinde yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla Almanlar\u0131n Yahudilere uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 etnik temizlikten bahsedilmesine ra\u011fmen, Stalin\u2019 in Katyn\u2019 de Polonya halk\u0131na, Kafkasya\u2019 da ise \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131na uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 bin ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131, Kara\u00e7ay ve Balkar halklar\u0131 ile birlikte 23 \u015eubat g\u00fcn\u00fc, Alman ordular\u0131na yard\u0131m ettikleri gerek\u00e7esiyle trenlere bindirilerek Kazakistan\u2019 a ve Sibirya\u2019 ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fler, bu halklar\u0131n tarih sayfas\u0131ndan silinmesi i\u00e7in ise ansiklopediler, kitaplar yok edilmi\u015f, haritalar de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde yaln\u0131zca iki bin kadar \u00c7e\u00e7en da\u011flara ka\u00e7arak kurtulabilmi\u015ftir. Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerine ise ancak 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stalin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politika izleyen Kru\u015f\u00e7ev d\u00f6neminde 1955\u2019 ten sonra izin verilmi\u015ftir. 500 bin ki\u015fi olarak s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen \u00c7e\u00e7enler yollarda ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde verdikleri kay\u0131plarla ancak 250 bin ki\u015fi olarak geri d\u00f6nebilmi\u015fler, d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde ise topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ve evlerinin ba\u015fka halklara verildi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7e\u00e7enler, geri d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra da hi\u00e7bir zaman normal vatanda\u015f muamelesi g\u00f6rmemi\u015fler, s\u00fcrekli ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve dinlerini ya\u015famalar\u0131 engellenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, e\u011fitim hizmetleri konusunda ve i\u015f bulmada ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Uzun y\u0131llar devam eden bu \u00e7ileli ya\u015famda 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin ellerine tarihsel bir f\u0131rsat ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. SSCB\u2019 nin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girmesiyle birlikte 23-28 Kas\u0131m 1990 tarihleri aras\u0131nda toplanan \u00c7e\u00e7en Ulusal Kongresi ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na emekli Hava Kuvvetleri Generali Cohar Dudaev\u2019 i se\u00e7ti. Kongre de kendisine “ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, federasyon ve Kafkas Halklar\u0131 Konfederasyonu” olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 bir yol takvimi belirledi. Nitekim, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f \u00d6SSC Y\u00fcksek Meclisi 27 Kas\u0131m 1990’da egemenli\u011fini ilan etti. Bu arada Rusya Federasyonu Parlemento Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Boris Yeltsin, Rusya Federasyonu i\u00e7indeki \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlerin egemenlik yolundaki \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 destekliyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Tataristan konusunda bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapan Yeltsin, “Ne kadar istiyorsan\u0131z o kadar egemen olabilirsiniz” diyerek egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 sadece o halk\u0131n kendisinin belirleyebilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Ekim 1991′ de yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerde Cohar Dudaev devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ildi. 1 Kas\u0131m 1991′ de yeni Meclis \u00c7e\u00e7enya’ n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine Yeltsin, 8 Kas\u0131m 1991′ de \u00c7e\u00e7enya’ da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal ilan etti. Ertesi g\u00fcn de ba\u015fkent Grozny’ ye askeri birlikler g\u00f6nderdi. Ancak, Dudaev Rus emperyalizmine kar\u015f\u0131 Kafkasya halklar\u0131na genel seferberlik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131 sava\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 konusunda uyard\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7en ulusal ordusu 5 bin askeri personel ve 60 bin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcden olu\u015fuyordu; demiryollar\u0131n\u0131 ve havaalan\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alan g\u00fc\u00e7ler g\u00f6nderilen askeri birlikleri tutuklayarak Rusya\u2019 ya geri g\u00f6nderdi. Bu tarihten sonra Dudaev\u2019 in \u00f6nderli\u011findeki \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bar\u0131\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapmas\u0131na ve sorunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmesine ra\u011fmen 1991\u2019 de Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan mali ve askeri ambargo, \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 daki d\u00fczeni bozmaya y\u00f6nelik gizli servis hareketleri devam etti. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin 12 Aral\u0131k 1993 tarihindeki Rusya Federasyonu anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 ve anayasan\u0131n oylanmas\u0131na kat\u0131lmay\u0131 reddetmesi ise barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla oldu. Rus Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Boris Yeltsin\u2019 in emri ile Rus silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri 11 Aral\u0131k 1994\u2019 te iki saat i\u00e7erisinde y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irecekleri a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ile \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m hareketine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan sava\u015f ile \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 da tabiri yerinde ise ta\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcnde ta\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lmad\u0131. Siviller \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, insanlar ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, i\u015fkenceler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak hezimete u\u011frayan Rusya, 31 A\u011fustos 1996 tarihinde bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalayarak \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 dan geri \u00e7ekildi. \u0130ki saat s\u00fcrece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen operasyon iki y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n bir milyonluk \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131 i\u00e7in bilan\u00e7osu \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131: 250 bin \u00f6l\u00fc, 40 bin sakat, binlerce m\u00fclteci, t\u00fcm alt yap\u0131 ve \u00fcst yap\u0131 tesisleri y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019 n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilme karar\u0131 ile uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunca alay konusu olan Rus ordusunun intikam almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bu konuda gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Rusya\u2019 da bombalar patlat\u0131ld\u0131 ve su\u00e7 \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin \u00fczerine at\u0131ld\u0131. Son olarak kom\u015fu Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019 da i\u015fkence yapan Rus askerleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yard\u0131m talep eden karde\u015flerine destek vermeye giden bir grup \u00c7e\u00e7en bahane edilerek \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 ya 2 Ekim 1996\u2019 da yeniden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan i\u015fgal s\u00fcreci halen devam etmekte olup, insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine g\u00f6re 1994\u2019 teki ilk sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi de dahil olmak \u00fczere bug\u00fcn \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 da 350 bin \u00f6l\u00fc, ki bunlar\u0131n 50 bininin \u00e7ocuk oldu\u011funu vurgulamak gerekir, 80 bin sakat, on binlerce ortadan kaybolmu\u015f insan, binlerce tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015f kad\u0131n, yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f-y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke, 250 bin kadar m\u00fclteci, \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netti\u011fi iddia edilen bir diktat\u00f6r\u00fcn Rusya taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilmesi ve onun kendi halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar halen s\u00fcrmektedir. \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 da sava\u015f\u0131n, i\u015fgalin, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren Memorial, International Helsinki Federation of Human Rights gibi insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin raporlar\u0131 incelenebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, Avrupa Konseyi Parlamentosu Milletvekili ve \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc Dick Marti\u2019 nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora istinaen, 27 Haziran 2007\u2019 de parlamento oturumunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 daki mevcut durumu de\u011ferlendirebilmek ad\u0131na \u00f6nemlidir. Dick Marti konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6zetle, \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019 da sava\u015f\u0131n devam etti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015f, gizli hapishanelerin ve filtrasyon kamplar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmi\u015f buralar\u0131 bir <\/span>Auschwitz bir <\/span>Treblinka kamp\u0131 olarak nitelemi\u015ftir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019 nde 200\u2019 \u00fcn \u00fczerinde \u00c7e\u00e7en\u2019 in ba\u015fvurusu bulunup, bug\u00fcne kadar sonu\u00e7lanan davalar\u0131n hepsinde Rusya Federasyonu su\u00e7lu bulunmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcm bu ger\u00e7eklere ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya devletleri ise ekonomik ve siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi bu duruma sessiz kalmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ancak, \u00c7e\u00e7en m\u00fcltecileri konu edindi\u011fimiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve \u00c7e\u00e7en tarihi hakk\u0131nda bir bilgiye sahip olmadan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00fcreci ve ya\u015fan\u0131lanlar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2426","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2426","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2426"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2426\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2427,"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2426\/revisions\/2427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.waynakh.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2426"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}